![]() They then encourage themselves for adequate preparation and response ( see “Transparency” box). Creating a warning system means being directed over the long-term by people affected so that they are supported in generating their own information and analyses. ![]() They instead integrate long-term risk reduction, damage mitigation, planning, awareness, and readiness within people’s typical activities. To avoid these problems, warning systems should not be viewed as one-off, top-down, linear spurts of information and expert advice. Implemented improperly, warnings can be one cause of a major disaster, by advising people incorrectly, harming people’s responses to further warnings, or distracting them from appropriate actions. All showed how information, technology, and expertise for the potential catastrophe can be impressive, yet a disaster still arises because the warnings failed to lead to action. Examples are the volcanic eruption of Nevado del Ruiz in Colombia in 1985, the quarter of a million people killed in the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, the COVID-19 pandemic starting in 2020, and the dozens of deaths in the western European floods of 2021. ![]() Too many catastrophes have proved the dangers of relying on technology and formulating the problem as “the last mile”. It even goes so far as the paradigm of “the last mile” presuming that warning systems can be set up perfectly with the final step being to bridge the distance between the system and the people it serves. In the contemporary era, so much depends on technology, often under the implicit assumption that we just need to get the technical information and the technology correct for warnings to succeed. One commonality is that they are all connected to human interests, so the processes ought to be connected to human actions and needs. Perhaps one is not needed! It is hard enough differentiating among warning, alarm, alert, anticipation, forecast, prediction, and projection without trying reach consensus on meanings. Despite, or because of, this long history and the variety of uses for warnings, no common definition exists. Although criminal behavior expresses general needs and values, it is not excused by those general needs and values, because noncriminal behavior expresses the same needs and values.Warnings and systems for them have been around since the dawn of human history, from yelling when an enemy is sighted to studying the evening’s clouds for interpreting the next day’s weather. The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anti criminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning process. Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity. ![]() A person becomes a criminal when he or she perceives more favorable than unfavorable consequences to violating the law. The specific direction of motives and drives is learned from perceptions of various aspects of the legal codes as favorable or unfavorable. Learning criminal behavior involves assimilating the techniques of committing crime, including motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes. Learning criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups. ![]() Criminal behavior is learned as a by-product of interacting with others. ![]()
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